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Particulate air pollution in six Asian cities: Spatial and temporal distributions, and associated sources
Kim Oanh N.T.a, Upadhyay N.a, Zhuang Y.-H.b, Hao Z.-P.b, Murthy D.V.S.c, Lestari P.d, Villarin J.T.e, Chengchua K.e, Co H.X.f, Dung N.T.g, Lindgren E.S.h
a Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
b Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Beijing, China
c Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, India
d Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Technology of Bandung, Indonesia
e Manila Observatory, Philippines
f Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Hanoi University of Science, Viet Nam
g Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Hanoi University of Technology, Viet Nam
h Hogskolan I Boras, Sweden
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624529070653{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner layout=”boxed”][vc_column_inner width=”3/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1624695412187{border-right-width: 1px !important;border-right-color: #dddddd !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Abstract” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]A monitoring program for particulate matter pollution was designed and implemented in six Asian cities/metropolitan regions including Bandung, Bangkok, Beijing, Chennai, Manila, and Hanoi, within the framework of the Asian regional air pollution research network (AIRPET), coordinated by the Asian Institute of Technology. As uniform the methodologies as possible were intended with an established QA/QC procedure in order to produce reliable and comparable data by the network. The monsoon effects and seasonal changes in the sources/activities require long-term monitoring to understand the nature of air pollution in the cities. During phase 1 (2001-2004) of the AIRPET around 3000 fine and coarse particulate matter samples were collected from characteristic urban sites, which provide insight into temporal and spatial variations of PM in the cities. In all six cities, the levels of PM10 and PM2.5 were found high, especially during the dry season, which frequently exceeded the corresponding 24 h US EPA standards at a number of sites. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in the cities ranged, respectively, 44-168 and 54-262 μg m-3 in the dry season, and 18-104 and 33-180 μg m-3 in the wet season. Spatial and temporal distribution of PM in each city, the ratios of PM2.5 to PM10, and the reconstructed mass were presented which provide useful information on possible PM sources in the cities. The findings help to understand the nature of particulate matter air pollution problems in the selected cities/metropolitan regions. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Author keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Asian cities,Contributing sources,Monsoon effects,Particulate matters[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Indexed keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]AIRPET,Asian cities,Contributing sources,Monitoring,Particulate matter[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Funding details” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text][{‘$’: ‘To partly fill up the gap, the Asian regional air pollution research network, or AIRPET, ( http://www.serd.ait.ac.th/airpet ), has designed a monitoring program to collect such data. AIRPET, now in phase 2, has one of the main research objectives in providing a comprehensive assessment of PM pollution. The focus is on PM 2.5 and PM 10 /PM 10–2.5 levels and composition with the spatial and temporal distribution in six involved cities/metropolitan regions in Asia, namely, the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR, Thailand), Bandung (Indonesia), Beijing (China), Chennai (India), Metro Manila Region (Philippines), and Hanoi Metropolitan Region (Vietnam). The network is mainly funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) through the Asian Regional Research Program in Environmental Technology (ARRPET) and is coordinated by the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). This paper presents some findings on levels, composition and possible source contributions of the PM in the six cities during AIRPET phase 1, 2001–2004.’}, {‘$’: ‘We would like to thank the Swedish International Development Agency for the generous financial support without that the study would not be possible. The California Air Resource Board (CARB) is acknowledged for donating seven dichotomous samplers to AIT for the use in the network. Tom Parsons, John Higuchi, Michael Kenny, Tom Cackette, Dick Baldwin, Bill Loscutoff, Douglas Fox, and many other colleagues who helped in the process of acquisition, preparation, and shipment of the samplers from CARB to AIT are cordially thanked. Mike Kleeman and Jorn D. Herner at the UC Davis are duly acknowledged for the generous support in EC/OC analysis for the AIT samples. The collaborating institutions, which provided the PM composition analysis services for respective NRIs, are acknowledged for offering the most affordable price.’}][/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”DOI” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.050[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_column_text]Widget Plumx[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][/vc_column][/vc_row]