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Activated carbon from citric acid catalyzed hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation of salacca peel as potential electrode for lithium ion capacitor’s cathode
Susanti R.F.a, Arie A.A.a, Kristianto H.a, Erico M.a, Kevin G.a, Devianto H.b
a Chemical Engineering Department, Industrial Technology Faculty, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, 40141, Indonesia
b Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40141, Indonesia
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624529070653{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner layout=”boxed”][vc_column_inner width=”3/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1624695412187{border-right-width: 1px !important;border-right-color: #dddddd !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Abstract” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]© 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Activated carbon (AC) has been utilized for various applications including as an electrode for supercapacitor, i.e., electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) as well as hybrid capacitor such as lithium ion capacitor. In this research, salacca peel was used as a raw material for AC. It was chosen among other biomass wastes because it is abundant and is still considered as a waste. The hydrothermal carbonization was conducted at 5 MPa, temperature of 200–250 °C, and 5 h in subcritical water, which is a green dehydrating agent. The effect of parameters (temperature and addition of citric acid as a catalyst) on the hydrochar and AC product was investigated. The hydrochar from hydrothermal carbonization was activated by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activated agent to enhance the surface area and porosity. The morphology of both hydrochar and AC was measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), its chemical transformation was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) while the surface area and pore size distribution were measured by nitrogen adsorption at 77.35 K. The electrochemical performance of activated carbon from salacca peel as well as commercial activated carbon using a coin cell in a Li half-cell system was evaluated by CV, GCD, and EIS. The results show that the presence of citric acid contributes to higher specific capacitance in the rate performance test of LIC at different current density as well as in long rate stability test.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Author keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Chemical transformations,Commercial activated carbons,Electrochemical performance,Hydrochar,Hydrothermal carbonization,Lithium-ion capacitors,Specific capacitance,Sub-critical water[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Indexed keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Activated carbon,Citric acid,Hydrochar,Lithium ion capacitor,Salacca peel,Subcritical water[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Funding details” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Funding information This study was funded by the Directorate of Research and Community Service, the Directorate General of Research and Development Strengthening, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education and LPPM UNPAR under Research Scheme of Penelitian Dasar Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PDUPT) 2017-2019.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”DOI” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-02904-x[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_column_text]Widget Plumx[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][/vc_column][/vc_row]