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Characterization of Iron in Lake Towuti sediment
Sheppard R.Y.a, Milliken R.E.a, Russell J.M.a, Dyar M.D.b,c, Sklute E.C.b, Vogel H.d, Melles M.e, Bijaksana S.f, Morlock M.A.d, Hasberg A.K.M.e
a Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, United States
b Department of Astronomy, Mt. Holyoke College, United States
c Planetary Science Institute, United States
d Institute of Geological Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
e Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Germany
f Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624529070653{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner layout=”boxed”][vc_column_inner width=”3/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1624695412187{border-right-width: 1px !important;border-right-color: #dddddd !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Abstract” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]© 2019 Elsevier B.V.Sediments collected from Lake Towuti, an ultramafic-hosted lake in Indonesia, preserve a visible alternating pattern of red and green sediments due to variations in clay mineral and Fe-oxide composition and abundance consistent with changes in iron oxidation state through time. Spectral, mineralogical, and chemical analyses on soils, river, and sediment samples from across the lake and its catchment were carried out to better understand the starting composition of these sediments and the processes that affected them before and after deposition. Despite high Fe abundances in all samples and abundant Fe oxides in lateritic source regions, mineralogical analyses (X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy) of the modern lake sediment show almost no well-crystalline iron oxides. In addition, sequential Fe extractions suggest an increasing proportion of easily extractable, poorly crystalline (X-ray amorphous) material with burial depth. XRD, bulk chemistry, and visible-near infrared (VNIR) spectral reflectance measurements demonstrate that clay mineralogy and bulk chemistry can be inferred from VNIR data. These results provide evidence for variations in Fe mineralogy and crystallinity based on location in this source to sink system. Understanding how the mineralogy and chemistry of sediments within a ferruginous lake basin are affected by transport, chemical alteration, physical alteration, and deposition from source to sink on Earth, and the degree to which these trends and underlying processes can be inferred from chemical and spectral properties, may provide useful direction in assessing paleoenvironmental conditions in other terrestrial lakes as well as ancient lacustrine environments preserved in the stratigraphic record of Mars.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Author keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Fe oxide,Mars analogue,Mineralogical analysis,Modern lake sediments,Spectral reflectance measurements,Ssbauer spectroscopies,Stratified lakes,Stratigraphic records[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Indexed keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Fe oxides,Mars analogue,Redox-stratified lake,Sedimentation[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Funding details” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Funding for laboratory experiments was provided by Brown University Presidential Fellowship . Sample collection during the Towuti Drilling Project was supported by grants from the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP, grant #2013-02), the US National Science Foundation (NSF-EAR #1401448), the German Research Foundation (DFG; ME 1169/26), the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; 20FI21_153054/1 & 200021_153053/1&2), Brown University, Genome British Columbia, and the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (RISTEK). PT Vale Indonesia and the US Continental Drilling Coordination Office are acknowledged for the logistical assistance to the project. This research was carried out with permission from RISTEK, the Ministry of Trade of the Government of Indonesia, the Natural Resources Conservation Center (BKSDA), and the Government of Luwu Timur of Sulawesi. Mössbauer analyses were funded by Brown University SSERVI. We are very grateful to Dave Murray and Joe Orchardo for assistance with the ICP-AES and to Luis Gabriel Ordonez Rendon for advice on the sequential extraction protocol. Christopher Yen and Grant Rutherford assisted in laboratory work and data collection. Sample material was provided in part by the National Lacustrine Core Facility (LacCore).[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”DOI” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.02.029[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_column_text]Widget Plumx[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][/vc_column][/vc_row]