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Venom Composition in a Phenotypically Variable Pit Viper (Trimeresurus insularis) across the Lesser Sunda Archipelago
Jones B.K.a, Saviola A.J.a,b, Reilly S.B.c, Stubbs A.L.c, Arida E., Iskandar D.T.e, McGuire J.A.c, Yates J.R.b, Mackessy S.P.a
a School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, 80639-0017, United States
b Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, 92037, United States
c Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, 94720-3160, United States
d Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia
e School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung Java, 40132, Indonesia
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624529070653{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner layout=”boxed”][vc_column_inner width=”3/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1624695412187{border-right-width: 1px !important;border-right-color: #dddddd !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Abstract” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]© Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.The genus Trimeresurus comprises a group of venomous pitvipers endemic to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Of these, Trimeresurus insularis, the White-lipped Island Pitviper, is a nocturnal, arboreal species that occurs on nearly every major island of the Lesser Sunda archipelago. In the current study, venom phenotypic characteristics of T. insularis sampled from eight Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores, Lembata, Lombok, Pantar, Sumba, Sumbawa, Timor, and Wetar) were evaluated via SDS-PAGE, enzymatic activity assays, fibrinogenolytic assays, gelatin zymography, and RP-HPLC, and the Sumbawa sample was characterized by venomic analysis. For additional comparative analyses, venoms were also examined from several species in the Trimeresurus complex, including T. borneensis, T. gramineus, T. puniceus, T. purpureomaculatus, T. stejnegeri, and Protobothrops flavoviridis. Despite the geographical isolation, T. insularis venoms from all eight islands demonstrated remarkable similarities in gel electrophoretic profiles and RP-HPLC patterns, and all populations had protein bands in the mass ranges of phosphodiesterases (PDE), l-amino acid oxidases (LAAO), P-III snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP), serine proteases, cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP), phospholipases A2 (PLA2), and C-type lectins. An exception was observed in the Lombok sample, which lacked protein bands in the mass range of serine protease and CRISP. Venomic analysis of the Sumbawa venom also identified these protein families, in addition to several proteins of lesser abundance (<1%), including glutaminyl cyclase, aminopeptidase, PLA2 inhibitor, phospholipase B, cobra venom factor, 5′-nucleotidase, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hyaluronidase. All T. insularis venoms exhibited similarities in thrombin-like and PDE activities, while significant differences were observed for LAAO, SVMP, and kallikrein-like activities, though these differences were only observed for a few islands. Slight but noticeable differences were also observed with fibrinogen and gelatin digestion activities. Trimeresurus insularis venoms exhibited overall similarity to the other Trimeresurus complex species examined, with the exception of P. flavoviridis venom, which showed the greatest overall differentiation. Western blot analysis revealed that all major T. insularis venom proteins were recognized by Green Pitviper (T. albolabris) antivenom, and reactivity was also seen with most venom proteins of the other Trimeresurus species, but incomplete antivenom-venom recognition was observed against P. flavoviridis venom proteins. These results demonstrate significant conservation in the venom composition of T. insularis across the Lesser Sunda archipelago relative to the other Trimeresurus species examined.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=".vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}"][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title="Author keywords" size="size-sm" text_align="text-left"][vc_column_text]Animals,Antivenins,Conserved Sequence,Crotalid Venoms,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel,Fibrinogen,Gelatin,Gene Expression,Indonesia,Islands,L-Amino Acid Oxidase,Lectins, C-Type,Membrane Glycoproteins,Metalloproteases,Phenotype,Phospholipases A2,Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases,Phylogeny,Proteolysis,Serine Proteases,Trimeresurus[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=".vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}"][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title="Indexed keywords" size="size-sm" text_align="text-left"][vc_column_text]Asia,enzyme,evolution,Indonesia,island,proteomics,toxin,venomics[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=".vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}"][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title="Funding details" size="size-sm" text_align="text-left"][vc_column_text]We thank Dr. Jolene Diedrich (The Scripps Research Institute) for the excellent mass spectrometry assistance. We thank Umilaela Arifin, Gilang Ramadhan, Benjamin Karin, Amir Hamidy, Jerome Fuchs, Kristopher Harmon, Sarah Hykin, and Luke Bloch for their help with the field collection of venom samples, and Carol Spencer for accessioning of specimens, Fieldwork in Indonesia was carried out under research permits issued by LIPI and RISTEK and UC Berkeley IACUC protocol #R279. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE79 partner repository with the data set identifier PXD013098. Funding for lab work was provided by a UNC Provost award to S.P.M. Funding for fieldwork was provided by the National Geographic Society and the National Science Foundation (#DEB-1258185, DEB-1652988, and DEB-1457845) awarded to J.A.M.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=".vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}"][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title="DOI" size="size-sm" text_align="text-left"][vc_column_text]https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00077[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_column_text]Widget Plumx[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][/vc_column][/vc_row]