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Mapping recent shoreline changes spanning the lateral collapse of Anak Krakatau Volcano, Indonesia
Novellino A.a, Engwell S.L.a, Grebby S.b, Day S.c, Cassidy M.d, Madden-Nadeau A.d, Watt S.e, Pyle D.d, Abdurrachman M.f, Nurshal M.E.M.f, Tappin D.R.a, Kurniawan I.A.f, Hunt J.
a British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, United Kingdom
b Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
c Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
d Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, United Kingdom
e School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
f Petrology, Volcanology, and Geochemistry Research Group, Department of Geological Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
g National Oceanography Centre, Waterfront Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624529070653{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner layout=”boxed”][vc_column_inner width=”3/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1624695412187{border-right-width: 1px !important;border-right-color: #dddddd !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Abstract” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]© 2020 by the authors.We use satellite imagery to investigate the shoreline changes associated with volcanic activity in 2018-2019 at Anak Krakatau, Indonesia, spanning a major lateral collapse and period of regrowth through explosive activity. The shoreline changes have been analyzed and validated through the adaptation of an existing methodology based on Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery and developed on Google Earth Engine. This work tests the results of this method in a highly dynamic volcanic environment and validates them with manually digitized shorelines. The analysis shows that the size of the Anak Krakatau Island increased from 2.84 km2 to 3.19 km2 during 15 May 2018-1 November 2019 despite the loss of area in the 22 December 2018 lateral collapse. The lateral collapse reduced the island area to ~1.5 km2 but this was followed by a rapid increase in area in the first two months of 2019, reaching up to 3.27 km2. This was followed by a period of little change as volcanic activity declined and then by a net decrease from May 2019 to 1 November 2019 that resulted from erosion on the SW side of the island. This history of post-collapse eruptive regrowth and coastal erosion derived from the shoreline changes illuminates the potential for satellite-based automated shoreline mapping to provide databases for monitoring remote island volcanoes.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Author keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text][/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Indexed keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Anak Krakatau,Cloud computing,Explosive volcanism,Google Earth Engine,Sentinel-2,Shoreline,Tsunami hazards[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Funding details” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Support from the UK Natural Environment Research Council, Grant NE/S003509/1 is acknowledged by D.R.T., S.L.E., S.W. and Grant NE/T002026/1 by S.W. and S.L.E.; A.N., D.R.T. and S.L.E. publish with permission of the CEO, British Geological Survey. Support from Bandung Institute of Technology, Grant P3MI is acknowledged by M.A., M.E.M.N., I.A.K. The methodology has been developed and supported as part of the BGS’s GeoCoast product development program of work. Andres Payo and Ekbal Hussain from BGS are gratefully acknowledged for fruitful discussions. The authors also appreciate the efforts of the European Space Agency in providing high-quality open-access data to the scientific community and Google Earth Engine for facilitating the access to and the processing of the archive of publicly available satellite imagery.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”DOI” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020536[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_column_text]Widget Plumx[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][/vc_column][/vc_row]