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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624529070653{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner layout=”boxed”][vc_column_inner width=”3/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1624695412187{border-right-width: 1px !important;border-right-color: #dddddd !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Abstract” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]© 2020 Elsevier LtdThree color samples (red, brick-red, and purple) hand stencils in Tewet Cave at the Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat site, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, were thoroughly investigated using several advanced characterizations to identify physicochemical characteristics present in the pigments. The XRD techniques investigated the minerals of the sample pigments, whereas the local geometries and electronic structure information were obtained using XANES. Synchrotron radiation was used to provide high-resolution data for both characterizations with a minimum sample. Further physicochemical characterizations were performed on XRF (the chemical compositions), FTIR (the bonding and functional groups), and SEM (morphology). The results showed that all three samples contained hematite, which serves as the pigments while gypsum and calcite are observed in the rock base of the paintings. Our analyses show that the tint discrepancy is due to the octahedral geometry distortion of Fe2O3. The distortion of Fe3+ coordination in iron oxide causes an energy shift between t2g and eg, therefore, produce different hues. Besides, the different crystallinity of the hematite within the samples give a role to color changes of iron oxide. The purple sample has the highest geometry distortion among other samples with the highest hematite content and highest crystallinity, followed by brick red and red samples. These differences might be due to the discrepancies in the thermal treatment to, either deliberately or unintentionally, prepare the pigments. More distorted geometry and higher crystallinity are produced through the thermal treatment at higher temperatures or longer time. Our investigation may provide more in-depth insight into understanding the chemistry and engineering behind the pigment preparation.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Author keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text][/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Indexed keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Hematite,Physicochemical characteristics,Pigment,Rock art,Synchrotron[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Funding details” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text][{‘$’: ‘NN and MMI thank the PMDSU scholarship from the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (Kemristekdikti), Republic of Indonesia. EM is grateful to the LDPD (Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education) scholarship from the Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia. Samples collection was supported by Division of Visual Communication and Multimedia, Institut Teknologi Bandung, and Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Kalimantan Timur. We thank Dr. Rusnadi and Mr. Lanang Solakhudin from the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Bandung, for assistance in FTIR measurement. We acknowledge the Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), SLRI, for provision of beamtime and we would like to thank the staffs of beamline 1.1W for assistance. This research was funded by Hibah PMDSU Batch IV and Hibah PDUPT from the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (Kemristekdikti), Republic of Indonesia.’}, {‘$’: ‘NN and MMI thank the PMDSU scholarship from the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (Kemristekdikti), Republic of Indonesia. EM is grateful to the LDPD (Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education) scholarship from the Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia. Samples collection was supported by Division of Visual Communication and Multimedia, Institut Teknologi Bandung, and Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Kalimantan Timur. We thank Dr. Rusnadi and Mr. Lanang Solakhudin from the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Bandung, for assistance in FTIR measurement. We acknowledge the Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), SLRI, for provision of beamtime and we would like to thank the staffs of beamline 1.1W for assistance. This research was funded by Hibah PMDSU Batch IV and Hibah PDUPT from the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (Kemristekdikti), Republic of Indonesia .’}][/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”DOI” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102345[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_column_text]Widget Plumx[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][/vc_column][/vc_row]