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Multi-analytical characterizations of prehistoric rock art pigments from Karim Cave, Sangkulirang–Mangkalihat site, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Ilmi M.M.a, Nurdini N.a, Maryanti E.a,b, Saiyasombat C.c, Setiawan P.a, Kadja G.T.M.a, Ismunandara
a Division of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
b Department of Chemistry, Universitas Bengkulu, Bengkulu, 38371, Indonesia
c Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624529070653{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner layout=”boxed”][vc_column_inner width=”3/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1624695412187{border-right-width: 1px !important;border-right-color: #dddddd !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Abstract” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]© 2020 Elsevier B.V.This study introduced various characterization methods to determine the physicochemical properties of rock art pigments. The pigments were obtained from the Karim Cave, East Kalimantan. The pigments have purple, dark red, and red colors. The results of the characterization by using SR-XRD (Synchrotron Radiation-X-ray Diffraction) show that these pigments have the main content of calcite (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O) and hematite (Fe2O3). Chemical analysis by using XRF showed that purple pigment has a higher hematite content than other pigments. The identification of functional groups by using FTIR on each pigment sample showed an absorption at the wavenumber of 475–447 cm−1 originating from the vibrations of the Fe3+−O bond. Furthermore, the electronic transition properties of the pigment material analyzed using Fe K-edge XANES show that the edge energy (E0) of each pigment sample is located at 7126.6 eV which indicates the Fe3+ iron species. The results of the deconvolution of pre-edge spectra show that the absorption ratio of t2g/eg in purple sample is lower compared to other pigments. The difference was caused by the distortion of octahedral coordination in hematite crystals that results in electronic structure changes. The distortion was also confirmed in the analysis of the centroid peak in the pre-edge spectra, where the integration value of the absorption intensity of the purple pigment sample was higher, compared to other samples. The results of this study indicate that the three pigments are derived from hematite minerals with different physicochemical properties.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Author keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text][/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Indexed keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Dark red,Hematite,Multi-analytic,Purple,Red,Rock art,Sangkulirang–Mangkalihat[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Funding details” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text][{‘$’: ‘This research was funded by the PMDSU Batch IV research grant from the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia. GTMK thanks to Hibah Riset Pengembangan Kapasitas ITB 2019. NN and MMI acknowledge the PMDSU Batch IV scholarship from the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia. EM is grateful to LPDP (Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education) scholarship from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. The sample collection was supported by Visual Communication and Multimedia Division, Faculty of Art and Design, Institut Teknologi Bandung and Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Kalimantan Timur. We acknowledge the Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), SLRI, for provision of beamtime and we would like to thank the staffs of beamline 1.1W for assistance. We also thank Mr. Lanang Sholahuddin and Dr. Rusnadi for their support during the FTIR characterization.’}, {‘$’: ‘This research was funded by the PMDSU Batch IV research grant from the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia. GTMK thanks to Hibah Riset Pengembangan Kapasitas ITB 2019. NN and MMI acknowledge the PMDSU Batch IV scholarship from the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia. EM is grateful to LPDP (Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education) scholarship from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. The sample collection was supported by Visual Communication and Multimedia Division, Faculty of Art and Design, Institut Teknologi Bandung and Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Kalimantan Timur. We acknowledge the Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), SLRI, for provision of beamtime and we would like to thank the staffs of beamline 1.1W for assistance. We also thank Mr. Lanang Sholahuddin and Dr. Rusnadi for their support during the FTIR characterization.’}][/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”DOI” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104738[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_column_text]Widget Plumx[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][/vc_column][/vc_row]