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Isotopic reconstruction of Proboscidean habitats and diets on Java since the Early Pleistocene: Implications for adaptation and extinction
Puspaningrum M.R.a, van den Bergh G.D., Chivas A.R.c, Setiabudi E.d, Kurniawan I.d
a Palaeontology and Quaternary Geology Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
b School of Earth, Atmospheric & Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, 2522, Australia
c Department of Earth Sciences and Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, 5005, Australia
d Geological Museum Bandung, Badan Geologi, Indonesia, Bandung, 40122, Indonesia
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624529070653{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner layout=”boxed”][vc_column_inner width=”3/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1624695412187{border-right-width: 1px !important;border-right-color: #dddddd !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Abstract” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]© 2019 Elsevier LtdSince its sub-aerial emergence, Java has experienced multiple tectonic, geographic and climatic changes, which affected the megafaunal occupation, adaptation and succession. Six Proboscidean taxa have been found from various localities throughout Java extending back to the Early to Late Pleistocene. The six taxa are: Stegoloxodon indonesicus, Sinomastodon bumiajuensis, pygmy Stegodon sp., Stegodon trigonocephalus, Elephas hysudrindicus and Elephas maximus, in which respective taxa are included in successive faunal stages. The aim of this research was to reconstruct the succession of Proboscidea in Java and the adaptation of each taxon to environmental changes by incorporating stable isotope analysis with the fossil faunal record, geology and stratigraphy. We conducted stable carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope analysis of the carbonate phase in the tooth enamel of six proboscidean taxa from numerous localities and ages. Our results suggest that for the earliest terrestrial fauna from Java, represented by Stegoloxodon indonesicus, the feeding ecology was restricted to a closed canopy rainforest during the earliest Pleistocene, while towards the late Early Pleistocene, the successive taxon, Sinomastodon bumiajuensis, was adapted to different or increasingly drier grassy habitats. C4 expansion on the island took place since the later part of the Early Pleistocene (before 1.5 Ma) and continued until the Middle Pleistocene, as suggested by the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of assemblages of proboscidean taxa from Sangiran, Kedung Brubus, Trinil, and western Java, which also predominantly display the expected range of C4-dominant feeders. However, the occurrence of mixed C3/C4 feeder Proboscidea in the Ngandong Fauna suggests that fragmented dense evergreen forests, shrubby or woodland vegetation reappeared towards the end of the Middle Pleistocene. This environmental shift is detected in the later stage of the Middle Pleistocene, as the dietary preference of all analysed samples from individuals from this age shifted back from a C4-dominated into a C3-dominated diet, which suggests a change from a dry to more humid climate conditions.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Author keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Indonesia,Java,Pleistocene,Proboscidea,Quaternary,Southeastern Asia,Stable isotopes[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Indexed keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Indonesia,Java,Pleistocene,Proboscidea,Quaternary,Southeastern Asia,Stable isotopes[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Funding details” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text][{‘$’: ‘We would like to thank former and present directors of Museum Geologi Bandung, Director of Balai Penelitian Situs Manusia Purba Sangiran, Director of Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta and Curators of the Dubois Collection of Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (Reinier van Zelst and John de Vos), Dakri and Tanti for facilitating access to their collections. We are very grateful to Unggul Prasetyo, Indra Sutisna, Halmi Insani and Marlia for excellent assistance in selecting, recording, organising and identification of fossil samples. For their assistance in isotope sample analysis, we thank David Wheeler and Florian Dux in the Geochemistry Laboratory, University of Wollongong, as well as Hubert Vonhof, Ren?e Janssen, Jeroen J.L. van der Lubbe, Josephine C.A. Joordens, Suzan Verdegaal and Remy van Baal in the Stable Isotope Laboratory of the Earth Sciences Department, Free University Amsterdam. Yahdi Zaim helped us in discussing and advising on geology and stratigraphy and Christine Hertler provided detailed advice on data presentation. This research has been funded by an Australian Research Council Grant to Gerrit van den Bergh (FT100100384).’}, {‘$’: ‘We would like to thank former and present directors of Museum Geologi Bandung , Director of Balai Penelitian Situs Manusia Purba Sangiran, Director of Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta and Curators of the Dubois Collection of Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (Reinier van Zelst and John de Vos), Dakri and Tanti for facilitating access to their collections. We are very grateful to Unggul Prasetyo, Indra Sutisna, Halmi Insani and Marlia for excellent assistance in selecting, recording, organising and identification of fossil samples. For their assistance in isotope sample analysis, we thank David Wheeler and Florian Dux in the Geochemistry Laboratory, University of Wollongong, as well as Hubert Vonhof, Renée Janssen, Jeroen J.L. van der Lubbe, Josephine C.A. Joordens, Suzan Verdegaal and Remy van Baal in the Stable Isotope Laboratory of the Earth Sciences Department, Free University Amsterdam. Yahdi Zaim helped us in discussing and advising on geology and stratigraphy and Christine Hertler provided detailed advice on data presentation. This research has been funded by an Australian Research Council Grant to Gerrit van den Bergh ( FT100100384 ). Appendix A’}][/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”DOI” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106007[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_column_text]Widget Plumx[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][/vc_column][/vc_row]