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Chemical composition and sources attribution of rainwater in Bandung area, Indonesia
Hasan N.Y.a, Driejanaa, Sulaeman A.a, Ariesyady H.D.a
a Environmental Engineering Doctoral Program, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624529070653{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner layout=”boxed”][vc_column_inner width=”3/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1624695412187{border-right-width: 1px !important;border-right-color: #dddddd !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Abstract” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]© 2020 Int. J. of GEOMATE.Data of international and national monitoring stations have showed evidences of rainwater acidification in Indonesia. This research aimed to investigate the small-scale variations and the influence of urban activities to rainwater chemical composition in Bandung, Indonesia, as well as to determine the contributing sources to its chemical variation. Rainwater bulk samples had been collected weekly at 4 (four) locations representing differences in altitude and local land use, from February to September 2016. Samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity, and major ions (SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and NH4+). The results showed that the pH of rainwater were in the range of acidic to normal (average 5.42 ± 0.72), where ammonium acted as the major neutralizing factor (NF). Small-scale spatial variability of nss-SO22-, NO32-, nss-Cl-, nss-Ca2+, nss-Mg2+, and NH4+ within 4 (four) locations were observed. Sulphate and NO3- as well as Ca2+ and Mg2+ were significantly correlated, with r = 0.870 and r = 0.929, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated three main sources of rainwater chemistry. Firstly, a mix of natural sources (e.g., sea-salt aerosols, crustal elements and waste decomposition) which consisted of sea-salt SO42-, ss-Cl-, Na+, ss-Ca2+, nss-Ca2+, ss-K+, nss-K+ and NH4+. Secondly, fossil fuel combustion/vehicular emissions, which consisted of nss-SO42-, NO3-, H+, and nss-Mg2+; and thirdly, nss-Cl + presumably from other acid reaction. These three components accounted for 80.25% of the total variance. The results suggested that local and long-range transported emissions of natural and anthropogenic sources contributed to the rainwater chemistry in the Bandung area.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Author keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text][/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Indexed keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Acid rain,PCA,Rainwater chemistry,Wet deposition[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Funding details” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text][/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”DOI” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]https://doi.org/10.21660/2019.64.87856[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_column_text]Widget Plumx[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][/vc_column][/vc_row]