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Chemical and mineralogical characterization of agricultural soils inundated by the December 26, 2004 Tsunami after intrinsic bioremediation in Banda Aceh, Sumatra Island, Indonesia
Chaerun S.K.a, Whitman W.B.b, Wirth S.J.c, Ellerbrock R.H.c
a School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia
b Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, United States
c Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Germany
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624529070653{padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner layout=”boxed”][vc_column_inner width=”3/4″ css=”.vc_custom_1624695412187{border-right-width: 1px !important;border-right-color: #dddddd !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-radius: 1px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Abstract” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Almost 1.5 years and 3.5 years after the December 26, 2004 tsunami disaster, soil samples (10-20 cm) were taken from two adjacent sites located in the agricultural area of Banda Aceh, Aceh Province, Sumatra Island, Indonesia in order to investigate the impact of seawater flooding. The tsunami disaster deposited sediments containing extremely high concentrations of salts and heavy metals. The salt contents (detected as B, Na, Ca, Mg, and Cl), as well as the salinity levels (detected by electrical conductivity, EC) in tsunami-impacted soils still remained significantly increased compared to non-impacted soils, even after 1.5 and 3.5 years of intrinsic bioremediation. Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe and Cr were significantly higher in impacted soils than in non-impacted soils in 2006, and they remained relatively increased in 2008, except for Cd and Pb which were significantly reduced. Furthermore, the tsunami disaster has led to an increase in macronutrients, such as N, P, K, and S, as well as to an increase in soil organic C content and C/N ratio. The tsunami-impacted soils, as assessed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, contained greater amounts of hydrophilic than hydrophobic organic compounds. The mean pH of soils in tsunami-impacted soils was 7.4 (in 2006) and 7.1 (in 2008), while in non-impacted soils the pH was 5.1 (in 2006) and 5.5 (in 2008). The soil mineral composition, as assessed by XRD analysis, revealed that the tsunami-impacted soils contained the major minerals (quartz, plagioclase and goethite), minor minerals (hornblende and lepidocrocite) and clay minerals (kaolinite, smectite and illite). Non-impacted soils contained major minerals (quartz, plagioclase, goethite and hornblende), minor minerals (lepidocrocite and cristobalite) and clay minerals (kaolinite and smectite). Thus, the tsunami disaster had potentially negative impacts, such as salt and heavy metal pollution, as well as potentially positive impacts, such as increases in major macronutrient contents and clay mineral composition, on agricultural soils.[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Author keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]Adjacent sites,Agricultural areas,Agricultural soils,Banda Aceh,C/N ratio,Cristobalites,Deposited sediments,Electrical conductivity,Fourier transform infrared,FTIR,Heavy metal pollution,High concentration,Hydrophobic organic compound,Impacted soil,Indonesia,Lepidocrocite,Mineral composition,Mineralogical characterization,Organics,Salinity levels,Salt content,Smectites,Soil minerals,Soil organic C,Soil sample,Sumatra,Tsunami disaster,XRD,XRD analysis[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Indexed keywords” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text]FTIR,Heavy metals,Salts,Soil minerals,Soil organics,XRD[/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”Funding details” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text][/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_empty_space][megatron_heading title=”DOI” size=”size-sm” text_align=”text-left”][vc_column_text][/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_column_text]Widget Plumx[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_separator css=”.vc_custom_1624528584150{padding-top: 25px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][/vc_column][/vc_row]